Purpose of the Electrocardiogram (ECG) in Paramedic Practice

Purpose of the Electrocardiogram (ECG) in Paramedic Practice Lachlan Donnet-Jones Intro Electrocardiogram, commonly abbreviated to ECG or EKG, is defined as â€Å"a graphic tracing of the variations in electrical potential caused by the excitationof the heart muscle and detected at the body surface† (Dorlands). An ECG monitor is the device that has the ability to read and graphically present an ECG reading (Mosby’s Dictionary of Med) via a digital monitor or printed on a strip of special graph paper designed to show the rhythm of the heart over time (Mistovich). There are many different manufacturers of ECG monitors such as Philips and Physio-Control (ASNSW Protocols). An ECG monitor allows two methods of recording electrical activity, a 4-lead reading and a 12-lead reading. The ECG readings consist of three segments; a P wave, QRS complex and a T wave. The PQRST waves are the components that create the ‘waves’ or ‘spikes’ presented on an ECG reading. Electrocardiography has an extensive history dating back many centuries as pione ers of medical science were eager to understand the electrical functionality of the heart. History of ECG, what was before ECG? In the year 1600 William Gilbert discovered static electricity, a discovery that would eventuate in the development of one of the most important medical inventions of all time, the electrocardiogram. In the early nineteenth century the first instruments were invented that were sensitive enough to detect small electrical currents in the heart. The first functioning electrocardiogram was created by Willem Einthoven, a Dutch doctor and physiologist, in 1903. Einthoven won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1924 for his electrocardiogram invention. Prior to the invention of the electrocardiogram an instrument called the string galvanometer was used to detect electrical activity, it was an earlier invention of Einthoven’s. The string galvanometer could be used to measure cardiac electrical activity in a procedure where patients would submerge three of their limbs into a saline solution creating ‘Einthoven’s Triangle†, a principle still used in contemporary electrocardiogram recording. Before both the electrocardiogram and string galvanometer were invented a device called the capillary electrometer was invented by Gabriel Lippmann in 1872. The capillary electrometer consisted of â€Å"sulphuric acid and mercury in a capillary tube with wires at each end† (WEST INDIAN MED JOURNAL). Similar to the string galvanometer Lippmann’s device requires the patient to place limbs into tubs of saline solution and was the first device to read cardiac activity using this method (WEST INDIAN MED JOURNAL). Little did these early inventers know that their inventions would go on to be used thousands of times per day at all corners of the globe with its purpose and functionality continually polished and refined over the years as is evident in modern day ECG monitors. http://www.jchimp.net/index.php/jchimp/article/view/14383/html http://caribbean.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0043-31442005000300012lng=en http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Willem_Einthoven http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann_electrometer [Naming the waves of ECG their genesis.pdf] [The origins of the electrocardiogram as a clinical instrument.pdf] http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/content/entry/dicscientist/einthoven_willem_1860_1927/0?searchId=1a112bd3-b32d-11e3-9ce6-12c1d36507eeresult=0 http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/content/entry/ehsmed/einthoven_s_triangle/0 http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/content/entry/columency/galvanometer/0 http://www.ecglibrary.com/ecghist.html Purpose functionality The ECG machines purpose and functionality is to provide information and understanding of the heart’s electrical functionality. (MISTOVICH) This includes information on the current rate at which the heart is beating, whether the heartbeat rhythm is regular or irregular, how strong the electrical signals are and the timing between the electrical signals. There are two methods to procure an ECG reading, a 4-lead and a 12-lead. The main difference is the number of leads used to obtain a reading which in effect allows for a better or worse reading. They are both effective in attaining information on the hearts electrical activity, however they are different and have their advantages and disadvantages. The 4-lead method, sometimes called 3-lead, typically uses three limb-leads: RA (right arm), LA (left arm) and RL (right leg). Each lead is attached to the torso despite the lead labels indicating otherwise. The RA lead (white) is placed ‘to the right side of the anterior chest just under the clavicle at the midclavicular line’ and is the negative lead, meaning it augments the signal of the LA lead. The LA lead (black, brown or green) is placed OPPOSITE the RA lead and is the grounding lead. RL lead is the final lead and is placed ‘to the left lower chest at about the seventh intercostal space on the anterior axillary li ne’ and is the positive lead. 4-lead monitoring is useful as it is quick to apply and †¦ 4-lead monitoring has its benefits however it cannot deliver the same level of comprehensive and detailed information that a 12-lead reading is capable of. The application of a 12-lead ECG monitor requires applying 10 leads, 4 ‘limb leads’ and 6 ‘precordial leads’. 4 lead 12 lead PQRST Graph paper Defibrillation Phillips, lifepak Other functions [Guidelines for electrocardiography.pdf] http://www.southsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/may-2010/how-to-read-an-electrocardiogram-ecg.-part-one-basic-principles-of-the-ecg.-the-normal-ecg.html ECG contribution to patient assessment ECG Monitoring is typically used following a primary assessment especially in cases where there is a suspected issue with the heart or cardiovascular system. An ECG provides paramedics with information about the electrical functionality of the cardiovascular system. This is done by analysing the electrical activity displayed on the ECG reading and observing any changes in the waveform in relation to the rate and rhythm. As well as the rate and rhythm the paramedic would note any changes in the P wave, PR intervals, QRS complex, S-T segments and the P to R ratios (REFERENCE). Through this method of analysis the sign and symptoms of a patient assumed to be having cardiac issues can be confirmed for the initial diagnosis (REFERENCE). For example during the primary assessment the patient is suspected of having a myocardial infarction and is showing symptoms of chest pain, hypotension, diaphoresis and a weak and rapid pulse the paramedic’s primary goal would be to obtain an ECG rea ding which can then confirm the initial assessment by virtue of the PQRST waveform. Ambulance Service New South Wales protocols provides a list of common conditions that may require ECG monitoring, the list includes: â€Å"Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), Dyspnoea (SOB), trauma, lowered level of consciousness (LOC), post syncope episode, cardiac dysrhythmias† and many other conditions which interfere with the hearts normal capacity to function (ASNSW Protocols). Provides paramedic information in a situation (subsequent to primary assessment/surgery) that may involves cardiac issues, events or abnormalities via reading the ECG reading and linking any abnormalities in the PQRST waveform to the patient’s symptoms condition. (LOOK IN MISTOVICH, PP. 1463ish) Situations or indications that may require ECG monitoring include: post syncopal episode, a decreased level of consciousness, chest pain, acute coronary syndrome, shortness of breath, dysrhythmias or if any cardiac occurrence is suspected (ASNSW Skills 2011, 103.5.2). FOR EXAMPLES: Myocardial Infarction etc. Use a med journal/article/study? Strengths, weaknesses challenges faced by paramedics (critique) An ECG monitor such as the Phillips carried by Ambulance Tasmania or the Lifepak15 carried by Ambulance Service New South Wales are incredibly versatile diagnostic tools. They are portable and can be taken into the field to patients even in challenging situations such as the small interior of a crumpled car or a in a remote bush area (ASNSW Protocols; AT Protocols). The ECG monitor allows for immediate and continuous monitoring of the electrical functionality of the heart permitting a critical assessment of the patient’s condition to be made. The paramedic can then inform the receiving hospital of the patient’s condition and allow for the necessary measures for treatment to be organised prior to the patient’s arrival. (REFERENCE) One of the significant faults of an ECG is it can only illustrate the electrical activity of the heart, it does not tell us how well the heart is functioning mechanically (Jones, 2008). Though there are clear benefits of using an ECG monitor in the paramedic field there are also certain weaknesses in its use such as the unreliability of consistent and accurate ECG readings. It is essential for paramedics to accurately interpret ECG readings to avoid mistaken initial diagnosis which can prove costly for patient well-being in time-critical situations. Contributing factors to inaccurate ECG interpretation include cognitive bias and heuristics (mental shortcuts) (ECG READINGS BY DOCTORS). Properly cleaning skin with swabs, removing any hair in the way and certifying that the area is dry before application of electrodes will help to increase ECG accuracy and reduce inaccuracies (MISTOVICH; ASNSW Protocols). Other environmental factors such as vehicle movement can contribute to inaccurate ECG readings by virtue of unstable leads creating artefacts. Similarly if the patient is in a combative or wrestles state it can interfere with clear ECG readings, so keeping the patient calm, reducing anxiety and eliminating stressful factors can be beneficial to both acquiring vital information and the patient’s well-being. (REFERENCE) References 2011 Electrocardiogram inDorlands illustrated medical dictionary, Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, USA. 2012 Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) inMosbys dictionary of medicine, nursing, health professions, Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, USA. Accessed: 30 March 2014, from Credo Reference Goy, Jean-Jacques; Staufer, Jean-Christophe; Schlaepfer, Jà ¼rg; Christeler, Pierre 2013, Electrocardiography (ECG), e-book, accessed 19 March 2014, http://UTAS.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1310813>. Jones, SA 2008,ECG Success [Electronic Resource] : Exercises In ECG Interpretation / Shirley A. Jones, n.p.: Philadelphia : F.A. Davis Company, c2008., Items in the Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 March 2014. Resources http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ekg/ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Electrocardiogram http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/eds/detail?sid=59a6c19e-901d-440a-b791-a71625c1f886%40sessionmgr114vid=1hid=104bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=cat02831aAN=UTas.b1560119 http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/eds/results?sid=127dd355-fcfc-42af-a93e-9ccff2e157c5%40sessionmgr115vid=1hid=104bquery=ecg+(PT+book+OR+PT+ebook)bdata=JmNsaTA9RlQxJmNsdjA9WSZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d Page 1 of 8

Assessment of the War on Terror Essay

The necessity and the non-necessity of wars in the course of human history and societal change may be seen from two diametrically opposing views. On the one hand, it is considered necessary in the sense similar to Adolf Hitler’s stance on war and its critical function in the evolution of man and society. In his work entitled Mein Kampf, he writes, â€Å"Mankind has grown strong in eternal struggles and it will only perish through eternal peace† (1943, p. 45). On the other hand, pacifist thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi do not assent to the idea that wars are necessary. On the contrary, his notion of civil disobedience is founded on the principle of â€Å"ahimsa†, that is, total non-violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gulf Wars, a term currently used to refer to the series of wars which occurred in the past two decades with its culmination in what is popularly known as the United States of America’s Invasion of Iraq in 2003.The striking fact though is that the different moral convictions of the people is made manifest even in their choice of words to refer to the aforementioned Invasion of Iraq. Invasion is a derogatory word. The concept of invasion assumes the existence of a hostile party who will cause turmoil and havoc within another territory. However, for those who assent to the Bush administration, the proper term is not invasion but rather, liberation. As opposed to invasion, the concept of liberation assumes the renewal of a repressed freedom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These insights point out that human social reality is held fast by systems of power and power relations, most especially in the context of international politics and a globalized, capital-driven economy. Globalization is indeed, the current paradigm. This paper’s task involves an evaluation of the political motivations that can justify the necessity of war. One may perceive the current United States War on terror in two ways. First, one may perceive it as an appeal to the Messianic aspect of man in terms of which man enables the liberation of his neighbor from conditions that restrict his freedom. Second, one may view it as a country’s plight for continuous economic growth thereby sacrificing the life of the few and the interests of other nations for the procurement of its own interests. It is important to note that Bush Administration’s War on Terrorism can be summed as a country’s plight for economic power at the expense of the blood of the â€Å"few†.    If such is the case, the aforementioned war does not thereby adhere to the main propositions of what may considered, as a just war, which states that the use of force by one nation against the other, is always wrong unless the latter has forfeited its basic rights (Lackey 222). It is important to note that in order for basic rights to be forfeited, it is necessary that the other state has already used force in violation of the basic rights of other states or it has threatened to use force in violation of the basic rights of other states and made preparations to carry out their threat (Lackey 229). Another instance wherein a state has forfeited its basic rights is apparent during instances wherein its ability to govern is disrupted by a secessionist movement which is representative in character or when the state in question has engaged in massive violations of basic personal rights (Lackey 229). These conditions, however, were not initially met by Iran before the aforementioned War on Terror. References Hitler, Adolf (1943).   Mien Kampf.   Trans. Ralf Manheim.   London: Houghton Mifflin. Lackey, Douglas.   â€Å"The Ethics of War and Peace.†   

Epithet in Homers Iliad and Odyssey

Usually called an epithet or a Homeric epithet, but sometimes called a Homeric epitaph, it is one of the most noticeable features of Homers works the Iliad and the Odyssey. Epithet comes from the Greek for putting (something) on (something). It is a tag or nickname that can be used on its own or together with the real name, depending on other features of the Greek language. Purpose and Use Epithets add a bit of color and also fill out the meter when the name on its own doesnt quite fit. In addition, epithets serve as a mnemonic device reminding listeners that they have, indeed, already heard mention of the character. The epithets, generally compound adjectives, are picturesque, which certainly helps make the assignment of character to epithet memorable. Examples Most of the important people in the Iliad have a special epithet that serves as an extra name. Athena is the only one described as glaucopis grey-eyed. She is called thea glaukopis Athene goddess grey-eyed Athena and also Pallas Athene Pallas Athena. On the other hand, Hera shares her epithet leukolenos white-armed. Hera does not, however, share the longer epithet thea leukolenos Hera goddess white-armed Hera; nor does she share the epithet bouopis potnia Hera cow-eyed mistress/queen Hera. Homer never calls the Greeks Greeks. Sometimes they are Achaeans. As Achaeans, they receive the epithets well-greaved or brazen-clad Achaeans. The title anax andron lord of men is most often given to the leader of the Greek forces, Agamemnon, although it is also given to others. Achilles receives epithets based on the swiftness of his feet. Odysseus is polutlos much-suffering and polumytis of many devices, crafty. There are other epithets for Odysseus beginning with polu- many/much that Homer selects on the basis of how many syllables he needs for the meter. The messenger goddess, Iris (note: the messenger deity is not Hermes in the Iliad), is called podenemos wind-swift. Perhaps the most familiar epithet is the one used for the passage of time, rhododaktulos Eos rosy-fingered Dawn.

Module One Quiz Essay - 684 Words

1. Two of your friends, Matt and Karen, both run to you to settle a dispute. They were working on a math problem, and got different answers. Wisely, you decide to look at their work to see if you can spot the source of confusion. Matt 6 – 4(3 – 5)2 + 30 à · 5 6 – 4(–2)2 + 30 à · 5 6 – 4(4) + 30 à · 5 6 – 16 + 30 à · 5 −10 + 30 à · 5 20 à · 5 4 Karen 6 – 4(3 – 5)2 + 30 à · 5 6 – 4(–2)2 + 30 à · 5 6 – 4(−4) + 30 à · 5 6 + 16 + 30 à · 5 6 + 16 + 6 22 + 6 28 Explain to Matt and Karen who, if either, is correct, and identify errors that you find. Provide the correct manner to fix those solutions, and identify the correct answer. Use complete sentences. 6–4(3–5)2+30à ·5 6–4(–2)2+30à ·5 6–4(−4)+30à ·5 6+16+30à ·5 6+16+6 22+6 28 When I solved the problem I got the same†¦show more content†¦Use complete sentences and show your work. Shinkansen – 320km per hour TGV – 89.44m per hour Distance = speedxtime 1mi = 1609m 1km = 1000m 3600kmx1000 320000mx1mi 320000 198.88mi 1hourx1km 1hourx1609m 1609 1hour 89.44mx1mix3600seconds 321984 200.11mi 1secondx1609mx1hour 1609hour 1hour d = 198.88x2.5 distance traveled 497.2mi d = 200.11x2.5 distance traveled 500.28mi Ellen’s train should travel faster than 198.88mph but slower than 200.11mph and in 2.5 hours Ellen’s train would have traveled more than 497.2mi but less than 500.28mi. 2. Beatriz is creating graphs for her city’s Parks Department. Beatriz is trying to persuade the Parks Department to put in more gazebos for shade. For a local park, Beatriz wants to demonstrate the attendance as it changes every week. She also wants to show the temperature changes per month. Sometimes temperatures reach below zero. Explain to Beatriz how to make the graphs correctly based on the data that she will collect and what labels, scales, and intervals each axis must have on each graph. 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Prior to completion of the modules, employees who need extra support navigatingRead MoreFinding Scripture: Humanity and Ethics Worksheet and Journal #41108 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ CWV-101: Bible Story Worksheet and Journal #1 Module 1 - Part 1 – Bible Story Worksheet For Part 1 of this assignment, you will need to read each section in the â€Å"Story of the Bible† media piece. When you open the media piece, click on each flag/banner (creation, fall, covenant, prophecy, gospel, restoration). Read the entire media piece and answer the following questions. Here is the link to â€Å"The Story of the Bible.† http://lc.gcumedia.com/zwebassets/courseMaterialPages/cwv101_biblical-timeline-v1

The Genre Of Rock N Roll - 1062 Words

Elvis Presley, also known as the king of Rock ‘n’ roll, once said â€Å"Rock ‘n’ roll music, if you like it, if you feel it, you can t help but move to it. That s what happens to me. I can t help it.† The genre of Rock ‘n’ roll has been a part of the world since the early 1940’s. According to Just a Half a Mile from the Mississippi Bridge: The Mississippi River Valley Origins of Rock ‘n’ Roll, this genre was born in the Mississippi River Valley and moved up and down its course, including its tributaries (the Cumberland, Tennessee, Illinois, and Missouri rivers), and along the highways and railroads which paralleled those rivers. This genre of music produced during the recovery of the second World War, Rock ‘n’ roll gave rise to one of the greatest impacts on past American generations, and continues to go forward into my own generation today. James Henke acknowledges that â€Å"various cities played large roles in the history of Rock ‘n’ roll: Memphis in the 1950s, Detroit during the Motown era, London and Liverpool during the British Invasion, San Francisco during the psychedelic era, New York and London during the punk period, and Seattle during the grunge era.† Without rock music, pop and other genres would not as successful and popular as they are now. While older generations have a tendency to despise rock music, Elvis Presley exemplified his generation, and rock music generated an enormous impact on society, and unified the American society. Rock ‘n’ roll has numerousShow MoreRelatedElvis Presley s Era And Rock N Roll Genre1624 Words   |  7 PagesElvis Presley Paramusical Analysis This essay will examine how the 1950’s era and rock n roll genre is represented in Elvis Presley’s 1956 popular recording â€Å"Hound Dog†. 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Western Art Exhibition Critique Free Essays

The show â€Å"Renoir in the 20th Century† is a group art exhibit of the French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir and his friends, held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), exhibiting from February 14 to May 9, 2010. The paintings on exhibit are the works Renoir finished in the last 30 years of his life, included in the 6,000 art pieces he finished throughout his entire career. The gallery literature lists his displayed work as â€Å"decorative, classical, and a highly personal interpretation of the Grand Tradition. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Art Exhibition Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now The artists that Renoir influenced throughout his life and are also on display at the LACMA with their paintings, drawings and sculptures are Picasso, Matisse, Maillol and Bonnard. The art works in the public display by Renoir consist of women, children and family members with only a few self-portraits. No landscape or still life is evident in this show, as in his earlier Impressionism shows. But what makes it important is that the art work is good, as compared to years of negative art reviews by critics, who have turned their backs on this notable artist in his later years. Painting until he died in 1919, Renoir was an unpretentious and very humble artist, even though he always wanted to be the best at what he did. He had become well-established during the Impressionism years because of his talent and this attitude. However, his successful art period was quickly followed by years of wondering if he could ever paint again. I’m starting to know how to paint. It has taken me over fifty years’ work to get this far and it’s not finished yet,† declared the artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) in 1913, at a time when a major exhibition of his work, including the large nudes painted at the turn of the twentieth century, was in the show at the Bernheim Jeune gallery in Paris. When Renoir followed other artists, such as Monet, into Impressionism it w as considered by the art world as a huge movement away from Realism – the historical work of past artists that almost appeared to imitate life. The year 1869 had brought a new style of art called Impressionism into the world, developed by artists Renoir and Monet. At the beginning of the art movement, the works of both artists were so much alike it was as if their still life and landscape art blended together into one joyful union with colors to match the feelings. Using unmixed primary colors, the work had a look about it unlike any other. The dark earthy tones and heavy dedicated brush strokes of the previous masters were gone. By 1880, Renoir had begun to move away from Impressionism even though he was highly sought for his unique colors and rainbow palette style, especially in his nudes and body forms. However, deep inside he felt he had â€Å"wrung Impressionism dry. † These feelings are because his work of the human form had always been more traditional than other artists of the Impressionism group, and he was feeling as if it was pulling him away from what he felt was right for him. Renoir’s return from an Italy trip in 1982 left him doubting Impressionism even more, with his work changing so much that critics, patrons and other artists felt he was going downhill with his art ability. At this time, late Renoir artwork was beginning to be considered bad Renoir work. Showing with the Impressionists, the painter [Renoir] is reported to have lamented to a dealer, â€Å"I’ve come to the conclusion that I can neither paint nor draw. † Looking at the show one is inclined to mumble, â€Å"Indeed. Renoir eventually left Impressionism, returning to the full-bodied female nude and children he enjoyed doing, instead of landscape and outdoors. After studying in Italy, he discovered the importance of drawing prior to painting. According to the art exhibit literature, the work of Gabriel and Jean that Renoir painted in 1895, a painting of his infant son and nanny, demonstrated this fact. Prior to its painting, he worked on preparatory drawings of the pain ting before he started. This was difficult He had become so mesmerized with the child’s infant gown he spent hours on the painting, while quickly painting over the face of Gabrielle whom he really did not want to paint, refusing her several times prior to this. â€Å"He [Jean] said that in his father’s paintings, everyone looked as if they were brothers and sisters. We are all Renoir’s children in the paintings,† Jean Renoir said. † Severely in pain with rheumatoid arthritis, his hands became completely gnarled and he became wheelchair-bound. In as much pain as he was, he still painted for years. Paintings like Jean as a Huntsman shows a full-length portrait of his son, Jean, referred to as a modern â€Å"Blue Boy. † The work appears as a work of the old masters, with the gallery listings describing it as similar to the work of Spanish artist Diego Velazquez, which exemplified Renoir’s work with â€Å"great art of the past† – with Jean posing for several months while his father painted under extreme pain throughout the process. According to the LACMA literature for the show, the painting remained with Renoir until his death, and then was given to LACMA by Renoir’s son, Jean, in 1979. Subject matter of his final years were nudes, girls at a piano, children with their nannies – turning his back on his Impressionism style he had been so involved with earlier in his life. The light brush strokes disappeared, with Renoir returning to the style of the old masters such as Rubens. With hands appearing as old tree stumps, he had mastered the use of color and brush strokes toward his final years. To paint, he wrapped fabric around his gnarled fingers while clamping a paintbrush between the thumb and first of his right hand, appearing gaunt and emaciated. But he still painted for hours because if he quit, the pain may actually destroy him. The art display â€Å"Renoir in the 20th Century† Los Angeles County Museum of Art demonstrates how far Renoir had come artistically toward the end of his life. Instead of â€Å"Bad Renoir art† in his later years, it was the best he had ever done with a glowing to his skin tone other artists could not compete with. Becoming more and more of an art master who was dedicated to his work helped him overcome his physical pain. Through this, he worked to re-develop and refine the traditional forms and methods into an exquisite art form he had always preferred. Nowhere is this success more apparent than in the art exhibit of Renoir and his friends. How to cite Western Art Exhibition Critique, Papers

Marriage A sociaological Perspective Essay Example For Students

Marriage A sociaological Perspective Essay The Institution of Marriage: A Sociological PerspectiveAccording to Webster, marriage is defined as the institution whereby men and women are joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family. That sounds simple enough however, it was not always so. During the seventeenth century arranged marriages were commonplace. The primary purpose of marriage was to bring together family and property. In the colonial period couples married for friendship. Not until the 1800s did love and romance become central to marriage. Now marriage is seen as the merging of individuals instead of families. Since then the words love and marriage have gone hand in hand. Christianity defines marriage as a holy union under god. Couples accept one another for better or for worse until death do they part. The church frowns upon the mere mention of divorce and although the values surrounding marriage have evolved, forsaking the sacrament of marriage is a si n in the eyes of a Christian god. Values such as activity and work, humanitarianism, religiosity and romantic love define the ideal Christian model although, real culture differs somewhat. External influences create variables that affect change in how individuals prioritize their values creating the real culture that more closely resembles modern society. Americans place high value on achievement and success, an area that is augmented through education and gauged by the accumulation of material wealth. Individualism is a symptom of the economics of capitalism. The individuals goals and chances for success are enhanced by efficiency and practicality, which is in turn enhanced by technological progress. As the costs of living increase marriage has become a convenient solution to affording better quality of life. Herein lies a paradox. A pair unites to combine financial resources yet continue to strive for individual successes. Ironically a large number of couple site financial issues as a cause of divorce. Many of the values listed above are attributed to the real culture and are applicable to the therapeutic attitude by emphasizing individuality and self-improvement. The evangelical Christian model is closely associated with symbolic interactionalism. The symbols of husband, wife, family and community are all relevant to the Christian model. Couples declare their vows to one another under the auspices of a priest and the eyes of God after which they are declared husband and wife. A new identity that is recognized by the community as a notable achievement. The therapeutic model of marriage is a functional union whereby two individuals combine tangible, emotional and spiritual resources. Couples work systematically to advance their careers and develop their families. Together the family is able to handle many different functions of everyday life and ensure their continued success. Values such as efficiency, practicality and progress are relevant factors to the th erapeutic model. These values may potentially aid in the success of the union, however as technologies continually advance it becomes increasingly difficult to remain efficient and progressive. Future shock is a term used to label the inability of a society to comprehend technology as fast as new technologies are introduced. Consider the fact that many of us still have difficulty programming the clocks on a VCR. Compound that issue with the introduction of the DVD player. How can we begin to understand digital video when we are still learning how to operate an analog device. Technology may very well assist some marriages; on the other hand it can also have less than favorable effects. Most of us want to have a loving and successful marriage. However, accomplishing this task is harder than it may seem. Much time and energy must be devoted to a marriage in order to make it last. There are many characteristics that have been found to be predictors of good marriages, but with so many va riables to consider, what makes a good marriage? 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